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<title>Discrimination testing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Discrimination testing</span></span>

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<p><b>Discrimination testing</b> is a technique employed in <a href="Sensory_analysis" title="Sensory analysis">sensory analysis</a> to determine whether there is a detectable difference among two or more products. The test uses a group of assessors (panellists) with a degree of training appropriate to the complexity of the test to <a href="Discriminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Discriminate">discriminate</a> from one product to another through one of a variety of experimental designs. Though useful, these tests typically do not quantify or describe any differences, requiring a more specifically trained panel under different study design to describe differences and assess significance of the difference.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistical_basis">Statistical basis</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Statistical" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical">statistical</a> principle behind any discrimination test should be to reject a <a href="Null_hypothesis" title="Null hypothesis">null hypothesis</a> (H<sub>0</sub>) that states there is no detectable difference between two (or more) products. If there is sufficient <a href="Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> to reject H<sub>0</sub> in favor of the <a href="Alternative_hypothesis" title="Alternative hypothesis">alternative hypothesis</a>, H<sub>A</sub>: There is a detectable difference, then a difference can be recorded. However, failure to reject H<sub>0</sub> should not be assumed to be sufficient evidence to accept it. H<sub>0</sub> is formulated on the premise that all of the assessors guessed when they made their response. The statistical test chosen should give a <a href="Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> value that the result was arrived at through pure guesswork. If this probability is sufficiently low (usually below 0.05 or 5%) then H<sub>0</sub> can be rejected in favor of H<sub>A</sub>.

</p><p>Tests used to decide whether or not to reject H<sub>0</sub> include <a href="Binomial_test" title="Binomial test">binomial</a>, χ<sup>2</sup> (<a href="Chi-squared_test" title="Chi-squared test">Chi-squared</a>), <a href="T-test" class="mw-redirect" title="T-test">t-test</a> etc.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_test">Types of test</h2></div>

<p>A number of tests can be classified as discrimination tests. If it's designed to detect a difference then it's a discrimination test. The type of test determines the number of samples presented to each member of the panel and also the question(s) they are asked to respond to.

</p><p>Schematically, these tests may be described as follows; A & B are used for knowns, X and Y are used for different unknowns, while (AB) means that the order of presentation is unknown:

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<dl><dt>Paired comparison</dt>

<dd>XY or (AB) – two unknown samples, known to be different, test is which satisfies some criterion (X or Y); unlike the others this is not an <i>equality</i> test.</dd>

<dd>AXY – one known, two unknown, test is which unknown is the known (X = A or Y = A)</dd>

<dt>Triangle</dt>

<dd>(XXY) – three unknowns, test is which is odd one out (Y = 1, Y = 2, or Y = 3).</dd>

<dd>ABX – two knowns, one unknown, test is which of the knowns the unknown is (X = A or X = B).</dd>

<dt>Duo-trio in constant reference mode</dt>

<dd>(AB)X – three unknowns, where it is stated that the first two are different, but which is which is not identified, test is which of the first two the third is (X = 1 or X = 2).</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signal_Detection_Theory">Signal Detection Theory</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Detection_theory" title="Detection theory">Detection theory</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFRogersHortKempHollowood2024" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Lauren; Hort, Joanne; Kemp, Sarah E.; Hollowood, Tracey, eds. (August 7, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118635353"><i>Discrimination Testing in Sensory Evaluation</i></a>. <a href="John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118635353">10.1002/9781118635353</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780470671405</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Product_testing73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Product_testing" title="Product testing">Product testing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">Standards organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Consumer_organization" title="Consumer organization">Consumer organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade organization">Trade organization</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">Food safety organization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conformance_testing" title="Conformance testing">Conformance testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_test" title="Chemical test">Chemical test</a></li>

<li><a href="Destructive_testing" title="Destructive testing">Destructive testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Nondestructive testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_test" title="Physical test">Physical test</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_analysis" title="Sensory analysis">Sensory analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Survey_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey research">Survey research</a></li>

<li><a href="Test_method" title="Test method">Test method</a></li>

<li><a href="Usability_testing" title="Usability testing">Usability testing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cannabis_product_testing" title="Cannabis product testing">Cannabis testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Coffee_cupping" title="Coffee cupping">Coffee cupping</a></li>

<li><a href="Crash_test" title="Crash test">Crash test</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_testing" title="Package testing">Package testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Pill_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Pill testing">Pill testing</a></li>

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<li><a href="Whisky_tasting" title="Whisky tasting">Whisky tasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Hedonic_scale" title="Hedonic scale">Hedonic</a></li>

<li><a href="Just-About-Right_scale" title="Just-About-Right scale">Just-About-Right</a> (JAR)</li>

<li><a href="Likert_scale" title="Likert scale">Likert</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Allergy</a></li>

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<li><a href="Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li>

<li><a href="Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Food_preservation300" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Food_preservation300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biopreservation" title="Biopreservation">Biopreservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Igunaq" title="Igunaq">Burying in ground</a></li>

<li><a href="Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li>

<li><a href="Cold_chain" title="Cold chain">Cold chain</a></li>

<li><a href="Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_drying" title="Food drying">Drying</a></li>

<li><a href="Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">Freeze-drying</a></li>

<li><a href="Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Freezing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hurdle_technology" title="Hurdle technology">Hurdle technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Irradiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">Jamming</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspic" title="Aspic">Jellying</a></li>

<li><a href="Jugging" title="Jugging">Jugging</a></li>

<li><a href="Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Pascalization" title="Pascalization">Pascalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickling</a></li>

<li><a href="Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li>

<li><a href="Potjevleesch" title="Potjevleesch">Potjevleesch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li>

<li><a href="Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a></li>

<li><a href="Sugaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li>

<li><a href="Tyndallization" title="Tyndallization">Tyndallization</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert-image noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AFood" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category: Food preservation</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Food_industry" title="Food industry">Food industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Food_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Food manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">Packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">Marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Foodservice" title="Foodservice">Foodservice</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Fortification</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consumer_food_safety1300" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consumer_food_safety1300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Food_safety" title="Food safety">Consumer food safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Adulterant" title="Adulterant">Adulterants</a>, <a href="Food_contaminant" title="Food contaminant">food contaminants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li>

<li><a href="Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">Antibiotic use in livestock</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li>

<li><a href="Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li>

<li><a href="HGH_controversies" title="HGH controversies">HGH controversies</a></li>

<li><a href="Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Sudan_I" title="Sudan I">Sudan I</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavorings</a></li>

<li><a href="Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate (MSG)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a>

<ul><li><a href="High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a>

<ul><li><a href="Seed_oil_misinformation" title="Seed oil misinformation">controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">Intestinal parasites</a>, <a href="Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">Amoebiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyclosporiasis" title="Cyclosporiasis">Cyclosporiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinworm_infection" title="Pinworm infection">Enterobiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cronobacter" title="Cronobacter">Cronobacter</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Escherichia_coli_O104%3AH4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O104:H4</a></li>

<li><a href="Escherichia_coli_O157%3AH7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7</a></li>

<li><a href="Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">Hepatitis A</a></li>

<li><a href="Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">Chlorpyrifos</a></li>

<li><a href="Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li>

<li><a href="Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li>

<li><a href="Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Preservative" title="Preservative">Preservatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">Sodium benzoate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">controversy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">Sorbitol</a></li>

<li><a href="Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a>, <a href="Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>, <a href="Pollution" title="Pollution">environment pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li>

<li><a href="Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Arsenic contamination of groundwater</a></li>

<li><a href="Benzene_in_soft_drinks" title="Benzene in soft drinks">Benzene in soft drinks</a></li>

<li><a href="Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li>

<li><a href="Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li>

<li><a href="Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds" title="Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds">Dioxins</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li>

<li><a href="Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">Food fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bread_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread fraud">Bread</a></li>

<li><a href="Breast_milk_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast milk fraud">Breast milk</a></li>

<li><a href="Olive_oil_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive oil fraud">Olive oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Prawn_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawn fraud">Prawn</a></li>

<li><a href="Seafood_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood fraud">Seafood</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrimp_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp fraud">Shrimp</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li>

<li><a href="Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li>

<li><a href="Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">Acrylamide</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">Food additives</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterocyclic_amine" title="Heterocyclic amine">Heterocyclic amines</a></li>

<li><a href="Modified_starch" title="Modified starch">Modified starch</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">Nitrosamines</a></li>

<li><a href="Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a></li>

<li><a href="Shortening" title="Shortening">Shortening</a></li>

<li><a href="Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li>

<li><a href="Variant_Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_fluoridation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_food_contamination_incidents" title="List of food contamination incidents">Food contamination incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Devon_colic" title="Devon colic">Devon colic</a></li>

<li><a href="Swill_milk_scandal" title="Swill milk scandal">Swill milk scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Esing_Bakery_incident" title="Esing Bakery incident">Esing Bakery incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">1858 Bradford sweets poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="1900_English_beer_poisoning" title="1900 English beer poisoning">1900 English beer poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Morinaga_Milk_arsenic_poisoning_incident" title="Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident">Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a></li>

<li>1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster</li>

<li><a href="1971_Iraq_poison_grain_disaster" title="1971 Iraq poison grain disaster">1971 Iraq poison grain disaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxic_oil_syndrome" title="Toxic oil syndrome">Toxic oil syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="1985_Austrian_diethylene_glycol_wine_scandal" title="1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal">1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_meat_substitution_scandal" title="Australian meat substitution scandal">Australian meat substitution scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="1993_Jack_in_the_Box_E._coli_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak">Jack in the Box <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="1996_Odwalla_E._coli_outbreak" title="1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak">1996 Odwalla <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="2006_North_American_E._coli_O157%3AH7_outbreaks" title="2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks">2006 North American <i>E. coli</i> outbreaks</a></li>

<li><a href="ICA_meat_repackaging_controversy" title="ICA meat repackaging controversy">ICA meat repackaging controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="2008_Canada_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak">2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="2008_Chinese_milk_scandal" title="2008 Chinese milk scandal">2008 Chinese milk scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="2008_Irish_pork_crisis" title="2008 Irish pork crisis">2008 Irish pork crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="2008_United_States_salmonellosis_outbreak" title="2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak">2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="2011_Germany_E._coli_O104%3AH4_outbreak" title="2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak">2011 Germany <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="2011_United_States_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2011 United States listeriosis outbreak">2011 United States listeriosis outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="Bihar_school_meal_poisoning_incident" title="Bihar school meal poisoning incident">Bihar school meal poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="2013_horse_meat_scandal" title="2013 horse meat scandal">2013 horse meat scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozambique_funeral_beer_poisoning" title="Mozambique funeral beer poisoning">2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Weak_Meat" title="Operation Weak Meat">2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat</a></li>

<li><a href="2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak">2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="2018_Australian_strawberry_contamination" title="2018 Australian strawberry contamination">2018 Australian strawberry contamination</a></li>

<li><a href="2024_United_Kingdom_Shigatoxigenic_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak">2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak</a></li>

<li><a href="Kobayashi_red_yeast_rice_scandal" title="Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal">Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">Food safety incidents in China</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_safety_incidents_in_Taiwan" title="Food safety incidents in Taiwan">Food safety incidents in Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Foodborne illness</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks">outbreaks</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_by_death_toll" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll">death toll</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a>, <a href="Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards</a>, <a href="List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">watchdogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li>

<li><a href="E_number" title="E number">E number</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">Food labeling regulations</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_libel_laws" title="Food libel laws">Food libel laws</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_safety_in_Australia" title="Food safety in Australia">Food safety in Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic certification</a></li>

<li><a href="Quality_Assurance_International" title="Quality Assurance International">Quality Assurance International</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Centre_for_Food_Safety" title="Centre for Food Safety">Centre for Food Safety</a> (Hong Kong)</li>

<li><a href="European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_Information_and_Control_Agency" title="Food Information and Control Agency">Food Information and Control Agency</a> (Spain)</li>

<li><a href="Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> (United Kingdom)</li>

<li><a href="Institute_for_Food_Safety_and_Health" title="Institute for Food Safety and Health">Institute for Food Safety and Health</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Food_and_Drug_Safety" title="Ministry of Food and Drug Safety">Ministry of Food and Drug Safety</a> (South Korea)</li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Agency_for_Food_Safety_and_Nutrition" title="Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition">Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing (food preservation)</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">Food marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_politics" title="Food politics">Food politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_quality" title="Food quality">Food quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a></li>

<li><a href="Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert-image noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AFood" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ADrink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_safety" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Food safety">Commons</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_foods152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Artificial_foods152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Artificial foods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial <a href="Fat_substitute" title="Fat substitute">fat substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Olestra" title="Olestra">Olestra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial protein substitutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial <a href="Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li>

<li><a href="Alitame" title="Alitame">Alitame</a></li>

<li><a href="Advantame" title="Advantame">Advantame</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspartame-acesulfame_salt" title="Aspartame-acesulfame salt">Aspartame-acesulfame salt</a></li>

<li><a href="Carrelame" title="Carrelame">Carrelame</a></li>

<li><a href="Dulcin" title="Dulcin">Dulcin</a></li>

<li><a href="Glucin" title="Glucin">Glucin</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrogenated_starch_hydrolysates" title="Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates">Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates</a></li>

<li><a href="Lugduname" title="Lugduname">Lugduname</a></li>

<li><a href="Neohesperidin_dihydrochalcone" title="Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone">Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone</a></li>

<li><a href="Neotame" title="Neotame">Neotame</a></li>

<li><a href="Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li>

<li><a href="Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural food substitutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cheese_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheese analogue">Cheese analogues</a></li>

<li><a href="Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">Coffee substitutes</a></li>

<li><a href="Egg_substitutes" title="Egg substitutes">Egg substitutes</a></li>

<li><a href="Meat_substitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat substitute">Meat substitutes</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_bacon_substitutes" title="List of bacon substitutes">bacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">Milk substitutes</a></li>

<li><a href="Phyllodulcin" title="Phyllodulcin">Phyllodulcin</a></li>

<li><a href="Salt_substitute" title="Salt substitute">Salt substitutes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">List of food additives</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Food_politics" title="Food politics">Food politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Food_power" title="Food power">Food power</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></li>

<li><a href="Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_desert" title="Food desert">Food desert</a>

<ul><li><a href="Food_swamp" title="Food swamp">Food swamp</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_nutrition_guides" title="List of nutrition guides">List of nutrition guides</a></li>

<li><a href="Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li>

<li><a href="Overnutrition" title="Overnutrition">Overnutrition</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Association_for_Food_Protection" title="International Association for Food Protection">International Association for Food Protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Agriculture_and_Food_Research_Organization" title="National Agriculture and Food Research Organization">National Agriculture and Food Research Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Food_and_Drug_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="National Food and Drug Authority">National Food and Drug Authority</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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